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Spencer Heath (born 1876, Vienna, Virginia – died 1963, Leesburg, Virginia) was an American engineer, attorney, inventor, manufacturer, horticulturist, poet, philosopher of science and social thinker.〔Spencer Heath MacCallum, ("The Quickening of Social Evolution: Negotiating the Last Rapids" ), ''The Independent Review - A Journal of Political Economy'', Vol. II No. 2 (Fall 1997).〕 A dissenter from the prevailing Georgist views, he pioneered the theory of proprietary governance and community in his book ''Citadel, Market and Altar''.〔Fred E. Foldvary, ( Heath: estranged Georgist ), American Journal of Economics and Sociology, April, 2004. Foldvary’s writings on Heath also were published as chapter 28 of Robert V. Andelson’s book ''Critics of Henry George: An Appraisal of Their Strictures on Progress and Poverty,'' Blackwell Publishing, 2004.〕 His grandson, Spencer Heath MacCallum, popularized and expounded on his ideas, most notably in his book ''The Art of Community''〔Spencer MacCallum: (Looking Back and Forward ), Lewrockwell.com, December 19, 2003.〕〔Spencer Heath McCallum, ''The Art of Community'', Institute for Humane Studies, 1970.〕 ==Life and technical career== Heath graduated from the Corcoran Scientific School in Washington, D.C., studying electrical and mechanical engineering. While working for the Navy Department he earned law degrees at National University Law School. In 1898 he married Johanna Maria Holm, a suffragist and friend of Susan B. Anthony. They had three daughters. As a patent lawyer and engineering consultant his clients included Simon Lake, inventor of the even-keel-submerging submarine, and Emile Berliner, inventor of the flat-disk phonograph record. Heath helped Berliner design and build the first rotary engine blades used in helicopters.〔Alvin Lowi, Jr., P.E. (The Legacy of Spencer Heath ), July 13, 2006.〕 Heath founded the American Propeller Manufacturing Company in 1909 and developed and first mass-produced airplane propellers, including 70 percent of the propellers used by Americans in World War I. In 1922 he demonstrated the first engine-powered and controlled, variable and reversible pitch propeller.〔 In 1929 he sold his patents and facilities to Bendix Aviation Corporation〔 and retired to work on projects in horticulture and the natural and social sciences,〔〔Spencer MacCallum, (From Upstate New York to the Horn of Africa )", Liberty Magazine, May 2005, Volume 19, Number 5.〕 including research with the aim of establishing the basis for an authentic natural science of society.〔 His articles on aeronautical engineering were published by the Journal of the American Society of Naval Engineers, the Journal of the Franklin Institute and other technical journals. International Who's Who listed him in 1947-1949 and Who's Who in the East in 1948-1951.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Spencer Heath」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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